Course Learning

An air raid was an attack by enemy planes dropping bombs. Warning of enemy planes was given by sirens. When people heard the sirens’ wailing sound, they immediately stopped what they were doing and looked for cover.

Big bombs exploded with a loud bang and blew buildings apart. Smaller bombs called ‘incendiaries’ started fires. Firefighters worked bravely to put out the flames. Rescue teams pulled people from fallen buildings. Ambulances took the injured to hospital. When the planes had gone, the sirens sounded the ‘All Clear’.

At 4:56pm on 7 September 1940, the air raid sirens wailed as the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe), launched a massive raid on London.

Over 350 German aircraft dropped 625 tons of high explosive bombs and thousands of incendiaries. The attack lasted into the early hours of 8 September. 436 civilians were killed; 1,600 were seriously injured. Nine miles of London’s docklands, oil and gasworks, wharves and warehouses were set ablaze.

London was bombed by the Luftwaffe (German Airforce) every day for the next 57 days, only stopping for one out of the 57.

Hitler believed that by targeting civilians, he could force the British to surrender and on 7th September 1940 began his daily bombing campaign. London was the main target but other major cities were also bombed.

The first air raid attacks of the Blitz were in the daylight, but they soon moved to the night. Some believe this was because Hitler wanted to cause more fear to make people exhausted by stopping them from sleeping. Bombing at night also made it more difficult for the Royal Air Force to shoot down the German bomber planes.

Dropping bombs at night wasn’t as accurate as dropping them in the day. The German pilots had to rely on the street lights below to show them where the cities were, rather than using their maps.

People in the countrysides used to put lights in large open fields to try to trick the bomber pilots into thinking they were flying over houses, so they’d drop their bombs in fields.

The Blitz lasted from 7th September 1940 until 10th May 1941, when much of the German air force was sent east to prepare for the invasion of Russia.

Fighter planes were the best defence against enemy attacks. The RAF had two very modern fighters; the ‘Supermarine Spitfire’ and the ‘Hawker Hurricane’. The Fighters could be directed to the enemy aircraft by controllers based in operations rooms. This saved vital time and fuel and allowed the RAF to co-ordinate attacks on the bombers.

The government suspended barrage balloons over all the areas which were likely to get bombed. The balloons were filled with gas which made them float high in the sky. They were tied down to the ground with heavy metal cables. Nearly 500 balloons were suspended over London in 1940. These balloons meant that bomber planes could not come too low incase they hit the balloons or the cables that were attached to them. This made it more difficult for the bomber planes to hit their targets. It also meant that the bomber planes were forced higher into the sky which made it easier for anti-aircraft guns to shoot them down.

Radio Detection Finding (RDF or Radar) helped the RAF to detect enemy aircraft at long range. It worked by transmitting radio beams and collecting the beams that were reflected back off the aircraft.

Before the war, the RAF had spent a lot of time and effort into setting up two Radar networks around Britain. One called ‘Chain home Low’ which detected low flying aircraft at short range and the other called ‘Chain Home’ which detected high flying aircraft at long range.

RDF gave the RAF a big advantage during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz.

RDF operators could often tell the difference between bomber and fighter formations; this allowed the RAF to target only bombers and avoid unnecessary engagements with fighter swarms intended to destroy RAF aircraft. RAF fighters were only launched when an bombing attack was on its way and thanks to the RDF, they were directed straight to the attacking bombers, making it much easier to find them.

The government suspended barrage balloons over all the areas which were likely to get bombed. The balloons were filled with gas which made them float high in the sky. They were tied down to the ground with heavy metal cables. Nearly 500 balloons were suspended over London in 1940. These balloons meant that bomber planes could not come too low incase they hit the balloons or the cables that were attached to them. This made it more difficult for the bomber planes to hit their targets. It also meant that the bomber planes were forced higher into the sky which made it easier for anti-aircraft guns to shoot them down.

Throughout the Blitz, different types of bombs were dropped by enemy planes.

• H.E. (High Explosive) bombs of different sizes and weights
• Incendiary Bombs, also called Fire Bombs as they caused fires
• OilBombs.

One in every ten bombs that fell was a ‘dud’ which meant that it did not explode on impact. But some bombs had a delayed action fuse, which meant they could go off at any time. This meant that it was almost impossible to tell which bombs were which. People had to be evacuated until the bombs had been made safe.

From 1944, two new types of weapons were used, which had a rocket type of propulsion to launch a war head. They were known as flying bombs.

• The V1 (Doodlebug) – They didn’t have a pilot and made a droning noise. As soon as the droning noise stopped people had 15 seconds to escape from the powerful blast that followed. Many V1 bombs fell short into the sea, others fell in the countryside. Almost 9,250 V1 bombs were fired at London, but less than 2,500 reached their target. About 2,000 were destroyed by anti-aircraft gunfire; 2,000 by fighter planes, and almost 300 by barrage balloons. The first Doodlebug exploded in Swanscombe in Kent.
• The V2 – These arrived without any warning sound. They also flew very fast and high up in the air; much too high to be shot down by the anti-aircraft guns of fighter aircraft.

These adverts would play on television to tell people what to do if there was an air raid.