Course Learning

The Viking age was from about AD700 to 1100. Many Vikings left their homes in Scandinavia and travelled by longboat to other countries, like Britain and Ireland.

The people of Britain called the invaders 'Danes', but they came from Norway and Sweden as well as Denmark.

Vikings sailed the seas trading goods. They bought silver, silks, spices, wine, jewellery, glass and pottery to bring back home.

The name 'Viking' comes from a language called 'Old Norse'. It means ‘a pirate raid’. People who went off raiding in ships were said to be 'going Viking'. But not all the Vikings were bloodthirsty warriors.

Some came to fight, but others came peacefully, to settle. They were farmers, and kept animals and grew crops. They were skilful at crafting, and made beautiful metalwork and wooden carvings.

Viking warriors fought using long swords and axes.

The first Viking raid recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was around AD787. It was the start of a fierce struggle between the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.

The Vikings were pagans, not Christians like most people living in Britain at the time. They did not think twice about raiding a monastery.

Christian monasteries in Britain were easy targets for the Vikings. The monks had no weapons and the buildings were filled with valuable treasures, like gold, jewels and books. There was food, drink, cattle, and clothes too.

In AD865 an army of Vikings sailed across the North Sea. This time they wanted to conquer land rather than just raid it.

They stayed in Britain for the first time in the winter of AD866.

Over several years the army battled through northern England, taking control of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia and most of Mercia.

By AD878, almost all the kingdoms had fallen to the Vikings. All except for Wessex, which was ruled by Alfred the Great. King Alfred beat the Viking army in battle but wasn't able to drive the Vikings out of Britain.

What happened between the Vikings and Alfred the Great?

Vikings travelled from Scandinavia to Britain. They mostly settled in the Danelaw, to the north and east of England.

Some Norwegian Vikings or 'Norse' sailed to Scotland. They made settlements in the north, and on the Shetland and Orkney Islands.

Vikings also settled on the Isle of Man and often raided Wales, but few made homes there. In Ireland, the Vikings founded the city of Dublin.

The Danelaw covered an area east of their line joining London and Chester. Everything to the east belonged to the Vikings.

There were three main areas where Vikings lived in England:

• Northumbria (which included modern-day Yorkshire)
• East Anglia
• The Five Boroughs (also known as a town: they were Leicester, Nottingham, Derby, Stamford and Lincoln)

Viking families came to settle on these lands. There wasn't much good farmland in the Vikings' own countries, and they were looking for a better life.

The most important city in the Danelaw was the city of York, or ‘Jorvik’ (pronounced 'your-vick'), as the Vikings knew it. Over 10,000 people lived there and it was an important place to trade goods.

Many towns and cities in Britain that were founded by the Vikings can still be spotted today. Places that end in -by, -thorpe or -ay were almost certainly Viking towns.

Almost all of the written evidence about the Viking invasions and settlement in Britain comes from the English version of events, mostly from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles and later medieval sources, such as histories and poems.

These usually show the Vikings as blood-thirsty invaders and the people and kings of Wessex as the heroic defenders of ‘England’.

The Vikings themselves did not leave a written record during the Viking Age (AD700-1100) but Vikings did use runes. There is writing from the 13th century that records stories handed down by word-of-mouth for centuries.

Archaeology is a major source of evidence, including the long ships, grave-goods, and coins.